Rapid (severe) deceleration. Here's Fords description of how it works.
The air bag system is designed to :
l Operate in frontal or front-angled collisions.
l Activate the air bags in a crash with severe frontal deceleration, more severe than hitting a parked car of similar size and weight head-on at about 45 km/h (28 mph).
l Sense the severity of the crash rather than vehicle speed, thus some frontal collisions at speeds above 45 km/h (28 mph) may not be severe enough to require air bag inflation.
The sensors in the vehicle determine if air bag inflation is required in the following manner:
1. During severe frontal deceleration caused by an impact that decelerates the vehicle in the forward direction, both a radiator primary crash sensor and a safing sensor will activate.
2. When a primary and safing sensor are closed at the same time, electrical current will flow, igniting the driver side air bag module and passenger side air bag module.
The primary sensors measure the crash severity while the safing sensor confirms the crash and is used to prevent inadvertent deployments possibly caused by a malfunction in the primary crash sensor circuits or crash sensors.