If you don't have the tag on the diff, then you need to count the number of turns the driveshaft makes to one revolution of a tire. I believe you then double your answer if you have an open (non posi) diff. ie, if your drive shaft makes 1 1/2 turns to one revolution of a wheel, then its a 3.00 to 1 ratio gearset.
Others should chime in with other methods.