D3476..... All this you can calculate with a little math - it's all simple ratios. We'll start with tire size - to calculate the height (diameter) of a tire you take the section width -- Let's use your 305/50/15 example - 305mm and convert it to inches (divide it by 25.4 mm/in), you get 12.01. Multiply that times the aspect ratio (the "50" in the tire size) -- 12.01X.50= 6.00. That is the sidewall height. Since you have a side wall at the bottom and at the top, you multiply that by 2, and add the diameter of the wheel - 15, that gives you (2X6) + 15 = 27". That's the approximate height of a 305/50-15 tire. If you do the same calculation on the stock Mustang tire you'll see it's about 25.7" tall. So, putting the taller tire on has the effect of reducing the axle ratio by the ratio of the tire heights. 25.7/27=.95.
.95X3.73=3.55 So, your 305/50-15 tire makes the car behave as if it had stock height tires with a 3.55 gear. If you want to it to behave like it really has 3.73's -- 3.73/.95=3.92 -- you'd have to put something like a 3.90 gear in it.
So, you can play all kinds of games with tire sizes/heights, and see how the effective gearing will be impacted. It's just simple ratios.